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The National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013, is a landmark legislation in India that seeks to provide subsidised food grains to a large section of the population, particularly the poor and vulnerable. It emerged from the broader framework of poverty alleviation and rural development policies that aimed to ensure food and nutritional security as a fundamental right. Its roots lie in the long history of the Public Distribution System (PDS), poverty reduction strategies, and social welfare schemes which had been implemented in India since independence. In the context of rural development, the Act represents a critical intervention to address hunger, malnutrition, and livelihood insecurity that have historically plagued rural households. By focusing on affordable food grains, maternity entitlements, and nutritional support, it directly contributes to rural human resource development and reduces vulnerability to poverty. The NFSA makes food a legal right, expanding on the earlier welfare-based distribution system. Under its provisions, nearly two-thirds of the Indian population are entitled to receive highly subsidised food grains through the Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). Specifically, it covers 75% of the rural population and 50% of the urban population, amounting to nearly 813 million people. Eligible households are classified into two categories: Priority Households and Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households. Priority households are entitled to 5 kilograms of food grains per person per month at subsidised rates, while AAY households, which represent the poorest of the poor, receive 35 kilograms of food grains per household per month. This universal and rights-based approach has significant implications for rural development, as it provides a safety net against hunger and malnutrition in areas where agricultural productivity, employment opportunities, and income levels remain uncertain. An important aspect of the NFSA is the pricing of food grains. The Act fixes the price of rice at ₹3 per kilogram, wheat at ₹2 per kilogram, and coarse grains at ₹1 per kilogram, regardless of fluctuations in the market. This price stability is critical for rural poor households, who are highly vulnerable to inflation and market-driven food price volatility. By ensuring access to basic food at nominal prices, the Act frees up a portion _____ _____ ______ ________ ______.
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