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The Markov Model is a probabilistic modeling approach widely used in geo-environmental applications to analyze and predict land use and land cover (LULC) dynamics. It is based on the principle that future states of a system depend only on its present state and not on the sequence of past events, known as the memoryless property. In geoinformatics, Markov models use ____ _________ _________ _______ __________ _______ _____ _____ ____ _____.
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