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Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) are a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that play a crucial role in intracellular signaling, mediating responses to various extracellular stimuli such as growth factors, cytokines, and stress signals. Biochemically, MAPKs are activated through a conserved three-tiered kinase cascade comprising MAP kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K), MAP kinase kinase (MAP2K), and ______ _____ _____ _________ ______ __________ _____ _____.
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