What is meant by ‘Closed Word Assumption’? Where is it used in AI?

Methods to deal with Uncertainty in knowledge systems

(ii) Contradiction

Consider the following PROLOG program say the knowledge base is:

Sister (sue, bill)

Parent (ann, sam)

Parent (joe, ann)

Express the following knowledge as a semantic network structure with Interconnected nodes and labeled arcs. “Ram is Vice President of ABC Company. He is married to Raj and has a male child RamRaj.RamRaj Goes to school. Ram plays golf and owns a silver color German made car Mercedez Benz”

Expert systems

Determine whether each of the following sentences are satisfactory, contradictory or valid

(i)(P Λ Q) V ~ (P Λ Q)

(ii)(P Q) ~ P