Identify the limitations in the realisation of the constitutional vision of social transformation.

The constitutional vision of social transformation in India, as outlined in the Preamble and various provisions of the Constitution, aimed to secure justice, equality, liberty, and fraternity for all citizens. The founding fathers of the Indian Constitution were committed to the idea of a just society where social hierarchies, discrimination, and inequalities would be eliminated. However, despite these noble objectives, the realization of this vision has faced several limitations. These limitations can be broadly categorized into historical, socio-economic, political, and institutional factors that have hindered the complete fulfillment of the constitutional ideals.

### 1. Historical Legacy of Social Inequality

India's history of caste-based discrimination, colonial exploitation, and feudal structures created deep-rooted social inequalities that the Constitution sought to undo. However, the legacy of these inequities has proven to be persistent and resistant to change. Caste-based discrimination, though constitutionally outlawed, continues to affect the socio-economic status of millions of Indians. The caste system, despite constitutional provisions such as affirmative action and reservations, remains entrenched in social practices, particularly in rural areas. The psychological impact of centuries of social stratification has not been easily erased, and caste continues to influence access to resources, educational opportunities, and political power.

The persistence of caste-related violence, honor killings, and untouchability practices in some parts of the country reflects the inadequacies in the realization of social transformation. Similarly, the colonial history left behind a legacy of economic disparities and an unequal distribution of resources that has yet to be fully addressed.

### 2. Economic Disparities and Poverty

Economic inequality in India has been a major impediment to the realization of social transformation. Despite impressive economic growth in the post-independence period, the gap between the rich and the poor has widened. The majority of the population, particularly in rural areas, remains trapped in poverty, while a small elite continues to amass ________ __________ _______ _________ ________ _________ __________.
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