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Human ecology examines the dynamic relationship between human beings and their natural, biological, social, and cultural environments. Climate change has become one of the most significant concerns in human ecology because it affects the interaction between humans and ecosystems at local, regional, and global levels. It is not merely an environmental issue but also a biological, economic, social, and cultural challenge that influences human survival, health, livelihoods, and patterns of development. Climate change refers to long-term changes in temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and other climatic conditions caused by natural processes and, increasingly, by human activities. Industrialization, deforestation, urbanization, burning of fossil fuels, and intensive agriculture have increased greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, leading to global warming. Human ecology studies how these activities disturb ecological balance and create environmental stress. From the biological perspective, climate change directly affects human health and survival. Rising temperatures increase the incidence of heat stress, dehydration, respiratory diseases, and cardiovascular disorders. Changing climatic conditions also expand the geographical distribution of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and chikungunya. Food insecurity resulting from droughts, floods, and ___ ____ _________ _________ _________ _______ ______ _________ __________ ________ _________ ___.
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