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Biological contaminants are living organisms or their toxic products that contaminate food and cause food borne illnesses in humans. They include bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, and the toxins produced by certain microorganisms. These contaminants enter food at different stages of production, processing, storage, transportation, preparation, and serving. Food borne illnesses occur when contaminated food is consumed, allowing harmful microorganisms or their toxins to infect or intoxicate the human body. Understanding the sources, modes of contamination, and mechanisms of disease is essential for ensuring food safety and protecting public health. Bacteria are among the most common biological contaminants responsible for food borne diseases. Pathogenic bacteria such as *Salmonella*, *Escherichia coli* O157:H7, *Listeria monocytogenes*, *Campylobacter jejuni*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, *Clostridium botulinum*, and *Bacillus cereus* contaminate food through infected animals, contaminated water, poor personal hygiene, or unsanitary processing conditions. Once ingested, these bacteria multiply in the digestive tract or produce toxins that damage intestinal cells. Symptoms commonly include diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and dehydration. In severe cases, they may cause ________ __________ ___ _____ ______ ____ ____ ________ ___ _________.
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