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Poultry and poultry products are highly perishable foods because of their high moisture content, rich nutrient composition, and near-neutral pH, which provide ideal conditions for the growth of spoilage microorganisms. Spoilage begins immediately after slaughter if hygienic handling and proper refrigeration are not maintained. The major sources of contamination include feathers, skin, intestinal contents, processing equipment, water, air, and handlers. Improper processing, cross-contamination, and inadequate storage significantly increase the rate of microbial spoilage. The principal spoilage microorganisms in poultry include species of *Pseudomonas*, *Acinetobacter*, *Moraxella*, *Brochothrix thermosphacta*, *Lactobacillus*, *Enterobacter*, *Proteus*, and various yeasts and molds. Under refrigerated aerobic conditions, *Pseudomonas* species are the dominant spoilage organisms because they grow rapidly ___ __________ _____ ____ __________ ____.
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