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The British policies in India had a profound and lasting impact on the Indian economy, transforming it in ways that often favored British interests at the expense of indigenous economic structures. From the period following the 1857 revolt up to 1964, the economic landscape of India underwent dramatic changes due to a combination of colonial administrative measures, trade policies, land revenue systems, and industrial strategies imposed by the British government. The effects were multifaceted, influencing agriculture, industry, trade, and overall economic growth. One of the most significant areas affected by British policies was agriculture. The British implemented various land revenue systems, most notably the Permanent Settlement in Bengal, the Ryotwari system in Madras and Bombay, and the Mahalwari system in parts of North India. These systems were primarily designed to maximize revenue collection rather than to promote agricultural productivity. Under the Permanent Settlement, landlords or zamindars were made responsible for paying fixed revenues to the state, which created incentives for them to extract as much as possible from the peasants, often leading to widespread indebtedness and poverty among cultivators. The Ryotwari and Mahalwari systems similarly placed heavy tax burdens directly on the peasants, leaving them vulnerable to exploitation and making subsistence farming the norm. The focus on cash crops like indigo, cotton, and opium for export further disrupted traditional food crop cultivation, leading to periodic famines and a decline in rural self-sufficiency. These agricultural policies created a situation where India became a supplier of raw materials while depending increasingly on imported goods for daily necessities. Industrial development in India also ___ _____ ________ ___ ___ ___ _______ __________ ______ ___ _____.
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