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The Non-Cooperation Movement, launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920, was one of the most significant mass movements in India’s struggle for independence. Its programme was designed to oppose British rule through non-violent and non-cooperative methods, aiming to weaken British authority and assert Indian self-reliance. The movement emerged in response to various factors, including the harsh repressive measures following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the failure of British reforms to satisfy Indian aspirations, and the rise of nationalist sentiment after the First World War. It also sought to protest against the Rowlatt Act and British policies in Punjab, as well as to express solidarity with the Khilafat Movement, which aimed to defend the Ottoman Caliphate after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. The programme of the Non-Cooperation Movement was comprehensive, combining political, economic, social, and educational objectives. Politically, it called for the boycott of British institutions, including government ____ _____ ____ __________ ________ ______.
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