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# 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act: Key Provisions, Implementation and Challenges The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992, is a landmark reform in the history of democratic decentralisation in India. It came into force on 24 April 1993 and gave constitutional recognition and status to Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs). The Amendment sought to strengthen rural local self-government by promoting people’s participation, decentralising decision-making, ensuring regular elections, improving representation of disadvantaged groups, and creating an institutional framework for local development. It added Part IX to the Constitution, dealing with Panchayats, and introduced the Eleventh Schedule containing 29 subjects that could potentially be entrusted to rural local bodies. One of the most important provisions of the 73rd Amendment was the constitutional recognition of Panchayats as institutions of self-government. Article 243B provided for the constitution of Panchayats at the village, intermediate and district levels in every state, subject to certain exceptions for smaller states. This established a three-tier Panchayati Raj system consisting broadly of Gram Panchayats at the village level, Panchayat Samitis at the intermediate level and Zila Parishads at the district level. The intermediate tier could be omitted in states with a population not exceeding twenty lakhs. The Gram Sabha was given an important position in the decentralised governance system. Under Article 243A, the Gram Sabha consists of persons registered in the electoral rolls of a village or group of villages. It provides a forum through which citizens can participate directly in local governance. Gram Sabha meetings can facilitate discussion of development plans, identification of beneficiaries, social accountability and monitoring of local programmes. Thus, the Amendment attempted to move rural governance beyond representative democracy towards participatory democracy. The Amendment also established a constitutional framework for regular elections to Panchayats. Under Article 243E, every Panchayat normally has a five-year term. Elections must be completed before the expiry of the term, or within six months of dissolution where a Panchayat is dissolved prematurely, subject to constitutional provisions. The State Election Commission was created under Article 243K to supervise, direct and control Panchayat elections. This reduced the possibility _________ ________ _______ ________ _____ ______ ___ _____.
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