Highlight constitutional mandates of criminal justice system in India. 

The constitutional mandates of the criminal justice system in India are primarily derived from the Constitution of India, which lays down the fundamental principles and procedures for ensuring justice, protecting individual rights, and maintaining law and order. The Indian criminal justice system is influenced by constitutional provisions, judicial interpretations, and statutory laws. Here, I will explore the key constitutional mandates that shape the criminal justice system in India.

1. Fundamental Rights

a. Article 14 – Equality before Law

Article 14 of the Constitution ensures equality before the law and equal protection of the laws within the territory of India. This provision mandates that all individuals, regardless of their status, are treated equally by the legal system. It prohibits discrimination and ensures that laws are applied uniformly.

b. Article 20 – Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offenses

Article 20 provides specific protections against arbitrary and retrospective penal laws. It includes:

• Ex post facto laws: No person shall be convicted of any offense except for violation of the law in force at the time of the commission of the act charged as an offense, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offense.

• Double jeopardy: No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offense more than once.

• Self-incrimination: No person accused of any offense shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.

c. Article 21 – Protection of Life and Personal Liberty

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