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Substitution reactions in octahedral complexes involve the replacement of one ligand by another in a coordination complex. The mechanisms of these reactions are classified based on the nature of the reaction pathway and the intermediates involved. The primary classification divides them into two main types: associative (A) and dissociative (D) mechanisms, with a third mixed type known as interchange (I) mechanism. In the associative mechanism (A), the incoming ligand approaches the central _____ ______ _______ _________ ________ ___ _____ ____ ________ ____.
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