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Glycolysis in plants is a central metabolic pathway that converts carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose-derived hexoses, or starch breakdown products into pyruvate while generating ATP and reducing equivalents. It occurs mainly in the cytosol, although some glycolytic reactions and isoenzymes are also present in plastids. The pathway functions in energy production, carbon skeleton supply for biosynthesis, and adaptation to environmental stresses such as hypoxia, cold, and drought. In plants, glycolysis is closely integrated with photosynthesis, respiration, and storage metabolism, making it highly flexible and responsive to cellular and environmental conditions. ([SpringerLink][1]) The basic glycolytic sequence in plants is similar to that in other organisms. It begins with phosphorylation of glucose or glucose-derived molecules to form glucose-6-phosphate, followed by conversion to fructose-6-phosphate and then phosphorylation to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. The six-carbon compound is split into two three-carbon intermediates that are further processed through oxidation, substrate-level phosphorylation, and __________ __________ _______ ________ _____ ___ _________ _______.
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