Give an account of the active microwave remote sensing and its application potential.

Active microwave remote sensing is a technique in which a sensor emits its own microwave signal towards the Earth's surface and measures the reflected signal, known as backscatter. This method contrasts with passive microwave remote sensing, where the sensor merely detects natural emissions from the Earth's surface. Active microwave sensors are particularly useful because they can operate under all weather conditions, including through clouds and at night, making them highly versatile for various environmental monitoring tasks.

The primary components of active microwave remote sensing systems include the transmitter, which sends the microwave signal, and the receiver, which detects the backscattered signal. The interaction between the emitted microwave energy and the surface of the Earth, such as scattering or reflection, is crucial in determining the properties of the surface, like its roughness, moisture content, and dielectric constant. This interaction is affected by factors like surface ______ _________ ___ _________ _____ _______ _________.
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