Give a detailed account on genetically modified crops.

Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors. In most cases, the aim is to introduce a new trait to the plant which does not occur naturally in the species. Examples in food crops include resistance to certain pests, diseases, environmental conditions, reduction of spoilage, resistance to chemical treatments (e.g. resistance to a herbicide), or improving the nutrient profile of the crop. Examples in non-food crops include production of pharmaceutical agents, biofuels, and other industrially useful goods, as well as for bioremediation.

Farmers have widely adopted GM technology. Acreage increased from 1.7 million hectares in 1996 to 185.1 million hectares in 2016, some 12% of global cropland. As of 2016, major crop (soybean, maize, canola and cotton) traits consist of herbicide tolerance (95.9 million hectares) insect resistance (25.2 million hectares), or both (58.5 million hectares). In 2015, 53.6 million ha of GM maize were under cultivation (almost 1/3 of the maize crop). GM maize outperformed its predecessors: yield was 5.6 to 24.5% higher with less mycotoxins (−28.8%), fumonisin (−30.6%) and thricotecens (−36.5%). Non-target organisms were unaffected, except for Braconidae, represented by a parasitoid of European corn borer, the target of Lepidoptera active Bt maize. Biogeochemical parameters such as lignin content did not vary, while biomass decomposition was higher.

A 2014 meta-analysis concluded that GM technology adoption had reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%. This reduction in pesticide use has been ecologically beneficial, but benefits may be reduced by overuse. Yield gains and pesticide reductions are larger for insect-resistant crops than for herbicide-tolerant crops. Yield and profit gains are higher in developing countries than in developed countries. Pesticide ________ ________ __________ ____ _________ ______.
_______ ___ ______ ______ ______ ___ _____ _________ ___.
_________ _________ __________ ________ _____ ____ _______ ______ ________ ______ ________ ____.
_________ _______ _____ _______ ___ ___ ________ _____ _____ _____ ____ ________.
______ _________ _______ _______ __________ _______ _______ _____ __________ ____ _____ _________.
______ __________ __________ _______ ______ ____ ______ _______.
______ _______ _________ _____ _________ ___ ________ _________ _____ ___ _________.
_____ __________ ______ _______ _____ ___ ___ ____ _______.
_____ __________ ______ _________ ____ ________ _______ ___ ______.
__________ ________ _________ ______ ____.
___ ______ ___ __________ __________ ________ _________ ______ ______.
_____ ____ ______ ________ ________ _______ ____ _____.
__________ _____ _____ ___ _______ ______ _________ ____ _______.
_____ ______ ______ ___ ______ ____ _____ _______ ________ _______ ___ ________.
_________ _________ ______ _________ _______.
__________ ____ ________ __________ _______ _________.
__________ _______ _______ _______ ________ ________.
____ __________ _______ _____ _____ _______ ____ ___ ________ _______.
____ _________ ____ __________ ________ _____ ________ ______ _________ _______ _________.
____ _______ ____ ___ ________ ___ ____ __________ ____ ___.
_________ _____ ____ ____ _______.
______ ______ ___ ________ _______.
_________ ____ ______ ________ ______ ________ _____ ________ _______ __________ ______.
____ ____ ________ _____ __________ ________ ______ ___ ___ ____.
__________ ______ ____ _________ ________ ___ __________.
_________ ___ _____ __________ _____ _________.
_____ ___ _________ ______ ______ ________ ______ _____.
____ ________ ___ ____ __________ ___ _____ _______ __________ _______ ___.
____ ________ _______ _________ _____ ______.
_____ __________ __________ ___ ____ __________ ________ ______ _________.
_______ ____ ______ __________ ____ ______ ________ __________ __________.
________ ___ ________ _________ ____ ______ ______ _________.
_____ ________ ______ _____ ____ ___ ______ ___ _______.
__________ __________ _________ ________ _____ _______ ____ ____ __________ _____ __________ ______.
______ ______ ______ ___ ______ ______ _____ ______ _____.
___ _________ __________ ___ __________.
_________ _________ _______ _______ _______ ___ __________ _______ _____.
___ ___ ________ ________ ___.
________ _________ _______ ____ ______ __________ __________ ______ ______ ____ ____.
______ ________ ___ ____ ____ ___ __________ _______ ___ ______ ___.
______ ____ __________ ________ ________.
____ ________ _____ _______ ____ __________ _______ ____ __________ ____ _________.
___ ___ _________ ___ __________ ____ ___ _______.
_______ ______ ________ _________ _______.
_____ ______ ________ ________ ______ ________ _______.
___ ___ ______ ________ _____ _________ ________ ________ ______ _______.
__________ ____ ______ ________ ____ ___ _________ _______ __________ ____.
______ ________ _______ ___ _____ _________ ____.
________ ___ ___ ___ _______ ___ ______ ___ _______ ___.
_____ __________ _______ _________ ________ ____ ______ ________.
______ ______ ______ _______ ____ _____ ______ ______ ___ ________ _____ __________.
_______ ____ ________ ______ _______ ___.
________ ________ _________ ______ ________ ________ ______ ___.
_________ _____ _____ ________ ________ __________ _________ ________.
________ _____ ____ _______ ___ ______.
__________ ____ __________ ________ ________ ____ _________ ____ ____ __________.
________ _____ _________ ___ ___ ________ ____.
______ ____ _______ _____ ___ ________ __________ ________ __________ ______ ___ ________.
______ _________ ____ _________ ___.
_____ _____ ________ ___ ___ _______ ___.
_____ ________ __________ ________ ________ ________ _______ ______ ___ ______ _____.
__________ __________ ________ _____ ________ ______ ____ ______.
_______ ________ ________ _______ ___ _____ ________ ___ __________ ________ ___.
_______ __________ __________ _______ ____ __________ _______.
____ ______ ______ _________ ______ __________ ________ _____ __________.
__________ ___ ____ ______ ____ ________ ______.
_______ _________ ______ ______ ___ ____ ________ _________ _____.
____ ____ _____ __________ __________ _____ _____ ____ ___ __________ ___ ___.
___ ___ _________ ____ ___ __________ _____ ______ _____ ___ ____.
_________ _______ ________ ____ ___.
_________ _________ _____ __________ ________ _______ __________ ________.
_______ _______ ____ ___ ____ ______ ____ ____ __________.
________ ____ ____ ______ ________ __________ ___ ______ ________ ______ ____ _____.
_______ ___ ________ _____ ___.
_____ _______ _______ ___ ______.
_______ ____ ______ __________ ____ _______ ________ ______ __________.
_______ _____ _____ ___ _______ _______ _______ ________ _____ _________ ____ ____.
________ ______ ______ ____ __________ ___ _________ ____ _______ ___ __________.
_____ ____ ___ ________ __________ ____.
______ ___ _________ ______ ________ ____ _______.
____ _________ ________ _______ ________ __________ ____ ________ _____.
__________ _____ ________ __________ ____ _______ ________.
_____ ______ ___ ____ ________.
___ _______ _________ ___ _________.
___ ___ _____ _______ _____ _____ ________ ___ _________ _________.
______ ___ ______ ___ ________ ________ ______ ____ __________.
________ ________ ___ _______ ___ ______ _______ ___.
____ __________ ___ ______ ____.
_________ ____ _______ ___ __________ ____.
____ _____ _________ ______ _________ ________ ___.
_______ ______ ______ __________ __________ ___ _____ _______ ____ __________ ________.
_____ __________ __________ _________ ___ _________ _________ ____.
________ __________ ________ __________ _______ ____ _______ ___ ___ _______.
_________ ____ ___ _______ _________ _____ ___.
_______ _____ _______ ____ ____ ___ ____ __________ __________.
_______ ____ ____ _________ ________.
_______ ____ _______ ____ __________ ____ _______ ___.
__________ _____ __________ ___ _________.
______ _______ ___ _______ ________ ____ _______ ________ __________ ____.
___ ________ ___ ____ ________ _____ __________.
__________ ____.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp