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General Circulation Models (GCMs) are sophisticated numerical tools used to simulate the Earth’s climate system and predict its future behavior under varying conditions. They are central to understanding climate change as they integrate knowledge from atmospheric physics, oceanography, land surface processes, and cryospheric interactions to provide a comprehensive picture of climate dynamics. The fundamental concept of GCMs is based on representing the physical processes that govern the movement of air, water, and energy across the planet, thereby allowing scientists to study how these components interact to produce climate patterns at global and regional scales. GCMs divide the Earth into a three-dimensional grid system that spans latitude, longitude, and height in the atmosphere or depth in the oceans. Each grid cell represents a specific volume of air or water where variables such as temperature, pressure, humidity, wind velocity, ocean currents, and salinity are calculated over time using fundamental ________ ____ ____ ____ _____ __________ ______ ___ _______.
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