Focusing on rites de passage, analyse the aspects of Ndembu rituals as described in Victor Turner’s ethnography The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual.

From the 1960s through the early 1980s, the classic structural functionalist view of rites of passage was challenged and revised. The charge was led by the British anthropologist Victor Turner, who acknowledged the contribution of structural functionalism to the study of rites of passage and of the broader category of ritual while pointing out its limitations. In his study of African rites of passage, The Ritual Process: Structure and Anti-Structure (1969), Turner revealed the drama and flux of everyday social life and highlighted the agency of rites in effecting social change, which he considered to be their fundamental role. Building upon van Gennep’s observation that rites of passage and other rituals are liminal in that they temporarily extricate participants from their social statuses, Turner argued that rites of passage are antithetical to existing social structure and “subjunctive” because they invite new possibilities. Rites enable participants to experiment with alternative social relations or to invent new ones.

Participants in rites of passage may also engage in role reversal. Among the Ndembu people ____ _____ ____ ______ ___ ________ ________ ___ _____ _________ _____.
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