Explore the role of urban planning in India, tracing its evolution, major concepts, and types. Highlight the significance of urban planning in addressing the diverse challenges of urbanisation in the Indian context.

Urban planning in India has evolved as a crucial discipline aimed at managing urban growth, ensuring sustainable development, and addressing the complex socio-economic and environmental challenges of urbanisation. Tracing its history reveals a transition from traditional, unplanned settlements to a structured approach influenced by colonial interventions, post-independence planning efforts, and contemporary sustainable urbanism.

The roots of urban planning in India date back to the Indus Valley Civilization, where cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa exhibited grid-based layouts, drainage systems, and zoning principles. However, in the medieval period, organic and unstructured growth dominated urban development. The colonial era introduced Western planning ideals, with cities such as New Delhi reflecting British town planning models. Post-independence, the establishment of institutions like the Town and Country Planning Organisation (TCPO) and the development _______ ______ _____ _______ ____ _______ ____ ___ ________.
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