Question

Evaluate the effectiveness of urban programmes in India such as JNNURM, AMRUT, and Smart City Mission in addressing urban development challenges. Discuss their key features, implementation strategies, and impact on urban sustainability.

14 Feb 2025
Answer :
Word Count : 583

Urban programmes in India such as the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), and the Smart City Mission have played pivotal roles in addressing urban development challenges in the country. These programmes aim to improve urban infrastructure, promote sustainable urban growth, and tackle issues such as rapid urbanization, inadequate infrastructure, and environmental sustainability. Each programme has unique features, implementation strategies, and varying degrees of success in achieving urban development goals.

JNNURM, launched in 2005, was one of the first major attempts to address urban challenges in India. Its objective was to improve urban infrastructure and service delivery across cities, particularly in the areas of water supply, sewerage, ___ ________ _____ _____ ________ _______ ____ _________.
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