Explain the use of biomarkers and biosensors in cytotoxicity and genotoxicity prevention.

Genotoxicity is a very broad term and it means a test material that can damage DNAand can in fact affect the integrity of the genome such as a test material affecting the spindle apparatus or DNA chimeras or DNA repair. In some cases this genotoxic damage is repaired by our onset systems. However in some cases genotoxic damage means permanent changes in the DNA which we knowas mutations and then some of these mutations can lead to cancer to occur. Genotoxic damage can be of multiple different types. It can affect the DNA directly or indirectly. There are single and double stranded breaks in the DNA which can lead to mutations and inversions of the chromosomes.

A biomarker is anything that can be measured as an indicator of biological process. A biological process is something that can be normally happening in the body or during the development of a disease or in our spines to a particular medicine in a patient undergoing treatment.

In oncology, biomarkers are used to provide information about a person’s risk of developing cancer and to determine the prognosis once the cancer is __________ ___ __________ _______ _________ _________ __________ ______.
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