Explain the various sources of teratogens and their effects. Describe the process of teratogenesis and the mechanism of action.

A teratogen is something that can cause birth defects or abnormalities in a developing embryo or fetus upon exposure. Teratogens include some medications, recreational drugs, tobacco products, chemicals, alcohol, certain infections, and in some cases, health problems such as uncontrolled diabetes in pregnant people. Exposure to a teratogen can occur through ingestion or environmental exposure during pregnancy. 

Teratogens can begin affecting the developing embryo as early as 10 to 14 days after conception. During embryonic development, there are periods when the developing organ systems show more sensitivity to teratogens. Specifically, if exposure to a teratogen occurs during the first 3.5 to 4.5 weeks of gestation, a neural tube defect, such as spina bifida or anencephaly, may result. 

Teratogens may affect the embryo or fetus in a number of ways, causing physical malformations, problems in the behavioral or emotional development of the child, and decreased intellectual quotient (IQ) in the child. Additionally, teratogens may also affect pregnancies and cause complications such as preterm labors, spontaneous abortions, or miscarriages. Teratogens are classified into four types: physical agents, metabolic conditions, infection, and finally, drugs and chemicals.

Various agents have been determined ___ __________ _____ _______ __________ ____ ____ ____ ________ ________ _________ __________.
_______ ___ ______ _____ _____ _______ ________ __________ __________ ________ _____.
__________ ____ ____ _________ __________ ________ __________ _______ ____ ______ ______.
________ _________ _______ ________ _________ _______ ______ _______ ___ ____.
_______ _______ _________ _______ ___ ___ _________ __________ _______ ___.
____ ___ ____ _________ _______ _______ _________.
____ ______ ________ ___ _______ ________.
____ _______ ___ __________ ____ _______ ______ ______ _________.
_____ ___ _____ ______ _______.
__________ _______ _______ _________ ______ _____ _____.
___ ______ ____ _______ _____ _____ _______ ______ _____ ______.
_______ ____ __________ ________ __________ ____ ___ ______ _____ ____ ________ ____.
______ __________ __________ ___ _______ _____.
_________ ________ ___ _____ _____ ___ ___ _____ _______.
______ ____ ______ ____ ______ _____ _______ ______.
_______ ____ ______ ___ _____ _________ ______ ___ _________ _____.
_____ _____ ____ ___ __________ ____ ____ ____ ______ _______ __________.
____ ______ ______ _______ ________ ______ ___.
_____ ___ _______ ______ _____ ___ _________ __________ _____ _______ ____.
_________ _________ ________ _________ __________ _________ _________ ________ ____ _____ _____.
________ _______ _______ ____ ________ ________ ____ _______ ________ _____ ________ ______.
____ ________ ______ ___ ________ _________ ______ ________ _________ ____ __________ ________.
_________ _______ ____ __________ _____ _________ _______ __________.
___ _____ _______ ______ ____ _____ ________ ____ _________.
___ ______ __________ _______ ________ _______ _______ ________ ________ _________.
____ ____ ____ ___ ______ _______ _________ _________ _____.
________ ____ ___ ________ __________ _____ _______ _____ ______ _______ _____.
___ __________ ________ ____ _____ ____.
______ _________ ______ _________ ________ ___ ___ _________ _______ ___ ________ ___.
______ __________ ____ _______ ______ ________ _________ ________ __________ _______ ___ __________.
_____ ______ __________ _______ _______ __________ _______ ____ _____.
____ ____ ______ ___ ___ __________ __________ _________ _________ _____ ________ ___.
_____ _______ _____ ____ _______ ________ ________ ____ ______ ______ _____.
______ __________ ________ ________ _________ _____.
_______ _______ _________ ____ _______ _____.
__________ ______ ______ ____ _________ _____ _________ _______.
________ _________ _________ _______ ______ ____ _______.
_______ ________ ________ _________ ___ _______ _________ _______ __________ __________.
________ _____ ____ ___ ___ ______ _________ _____ ________ ________ __________.
_____ ___ ______ __________ _____ _______.
__________ ___ ____ ___ _________ _______ ___ _______ ______.
_____ _________ ____ ________ ____ ______ _________ __________ _______.
___ ____ _____ _______ ________ __________ ______ ______.
______ ___ ______ ___ ___ ________ ______ _____ ________ __________ _____.
________ _______ _______ ______ __________.
_______ ________ ____ __________ ___ _____.
______ _____ _________ ___ ___ _________ _____ ____.
_______ ______ ___ ________ ______.
___ _________ _______ ____ _________ _______ ______ _____ ______.
________ _______ _________ ___ ___ _______ ________ _________ ___ ____ ____.
______ ___ _________ ______ _______ ______ ______.
__________ ____ ______ ________ _____.
______ ________ ______ _______ __________ _____ ________ _________ _____ _______ _______ _________.
______ ___ ___ _______ ________ _________ __________ __________ __________.
__________ ____ ______ _______ ___ ____ ________ __________ _______ __________ __________.
________ _____ ______ ________ ________ _______ ______ _________ ___ ________ ____ _________.
_____ ____ _______ __________ _________ ___ _________ ___ _____.
______ __________ ________ __________ ____ _____ ___ _______ ___ _______ ____.
______ _________ __________ ____ _______ _______.
____ ____ _______ __________ _____.
_____ _____ _____ ____ ________ ____ _______.
__________ ______ _________ __________ ____ __________ _______ ____ _____.
_______ ______ ___ _______ ___ _________ _________.
______ _______ _______ ______ ___ ____ _______ ___ ___ ___ _____ ___.
_________ _________ _______ ____ _______ ____ ______ ____ _______ __________.
_____ __________ ______ _________ ___.
___ __________ _____ _______ ____ ____ __________ _________ ___.
_________ ___ ___ _______ ____ ____.
________ ___ ____ ___ ___ _______ _______.
________ _____ __________ _______ ____ _________ _______ _________.
____ ______ _____ __________ _______ _____ ______ __________ ________ ______.
_______ ____ ________ ________ _________ __________ ________ _______ ______ ________.
_____ ________ ______ ___ ____ ___ ________ ___ _________ ____.
_____ ____ ______ _________ __________ ________.
_____ ______ _______ ____ _____ _______ ____ ________.
__________ _______ _________ ________ ________ _________ __________ __________ _________ _____ _________ ___.
__________ _____ ___ _______ ________ ______ ________ _____ _______ ____ _______.
_______.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp