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Bias in a clinical trial refers to systematic errors that can distort the estimation of treatment effects and threaten the validity and reliability of study findings. Minimising bias is therefore a critical objective in the design, conduct, analysis, and reporting of clinical research. Several methodological steps are taken at different stages of a clinical trial to reduce various forms of bias such as selection bias, performance bias, detection bias, and attrition bias. The first step in minimising bias begins at the planning stage through a well-defined research protocol. Clear formulation of research objectives, eligibility criteria, outcome measures, and statistical analysis plans helps _______ __________ ________ __________ _____.
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