Explain the Rational method of peak runoff estimation. Write its assumptions

The Rational Method is one of the simplest and widely used techniques for estimating peak runoff from a watershed or drainage area. It is typically applied for small, urban catchments or for preliminary hydrological design where high accuracy is not crucial. This method estimates the peak discharge (Q) that would occur during a specific rainfall event, based on the rainfall intensity, the area of the catchment, and the characteristics of the watershed.

The formula for the Rational Method is:

Q=C×I×AQ = C \times I \times A

Where:

• Q is the peak runoff (discharge) in cubic meters per second (m³/s),
• C is the runoff coefficient, a dimensionless value that represents the fraction of rainfall that will appear as runoff,
• I is the rainfall intensity, typically the average intensity of the storm over a duration equal to the time of concentration (in millimeters per hour, mm/hr),
• A is the drainage area in _____ __________ _________ _________ _________ __________ _________ ____ _____ _____.
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