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In computer organization, input-output (I/O) operations are crucial for communication between the processor and peripheral devices. Two widely used techniques for handling I/O are Programmed I/O and Interrupt-driven I/O. These methods differ in terms of processor involvement, efficiency, and the way data transfer occurs. In Programmed I/O, the processor is directly responsible for controlling and monitoring the I/O operations. The CPU continuously checks the status of the I/O device through polling until it is ready for data transfer. Once the device is ________ ____ __________ __________ ________ _____ __________ _______ ______ __________ ____.
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