How does the 8086 microprocessor process interrupt? Explain with the help of a diagram. Write a program using 8086 assembly language to output a string: "Present Year is 2025."

 (i) Explain the structure of a 16 x 4 ROM with the help of a diagram. (ii) How many memory chips of size 64K x4 bits are needed to build a RAM of size 32 M words if the word size of RAM is16 bits?(iii) Find the storage capacity of a Magnetic disk with 8 recording surfaces, and 128 tracks consisting of128 sectors each. You may assume that each sector can store 512KB of data. (iv) Find the rotational latency of a disk that rotates at 3000 rpm.

What is the DMA technique of data transfer? Why is DMA needed? Explain the DMA breakpoints in an instruction cycle with the help of a diagram. Also, explain any one DMA configuration.

Explain the functioning of a master-slave flip-flop with the help of a diagram.

Consider a machine that uses PC, IR, AC, and MAR registers to execute different instructions. All the memory accesses during instruction execution bring data to a register named XR. ALU of the machine performs the addition operation using AC and XR registers, and results are stored in the AC register. List and explain all the microoperations required to execute the following machine instruction:

AC AC + X; where X is the address of a direct operand in the Memory Assume that PC is currently pointing to this instruction. Make and state suitable assumptions, if any.

Explain the use of large register file in RISC processor. Also, explain the circular buffer organisation of overlapped register windows in RISC with the help of a diagram.

Demonstrate how the size of a machine program changes for the computation of the expression a=(xy) + (xy+z) when different instruction sets, having zero address, one address, two address and three address instructions, are used.