Explain the physiological disorders of tropical and sub-tropical fruits

Tropical and sub-tropical fruits are rich in nutrients and widely consumed for their taste and health benefits. However, due to their unique climatic and physiological conditions, they are often prone to various physiological disorders. These disorders can impact the fruit’s quality, shelf life, and marketability. Understanding the physiological disorders of these fruits requires an insight into the factors influencing fruit development, ripening, and storage.

One of the most common physiological disorders in tropical and sub-tropical fruits is *blossom-end rot*, particularly seen in tomatoes and melons. This disorder occurs when there is an insufficient calcium supply to the fruit, leading to the collapse of the fruit tissue at the blossom end. Calcium plays a vital role in maintaining cell wall integrity, and its deficiency disrupts the cell structure, causing dark, sunken lesions. The disorder is often aggravated by inconsistent watering and rapid fruit growth, which hampers calcium absorption.

Another common disorder is *chilling injury*, which is particularly relevant in fruits that are sensitive to low temperatures, such as bananas, mangoes, and papayas. These ___ ____ __________ ________ ____ _______ _____ ______ ___ _______ ________.
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