Explain the phenomenon of polarisation of a dielectric. Show that, when a dielectric material is filled between the plates of a capacitor, the value of capacitance increases by factor of K, the dielectric constant of the material.

Polarization of a dielectric refers to the process by which the electric dipoles within a dielectric material align themselves in response to an external electric field. Dielectric materials are insulators, which do not have free charges, but they do possess bound charges that are part of the atoms or molecules. When an external electric field is applied to a dielectric, these bound charges tend to rearrange, leading to the creation of an internal electric field that opposes the external field. This rearrangement of charges is called polarization.

### Polarization of a Dielectric

In the absence of an external electric field, the dipoles in a dielectric material are randomly oriented, and there is no net polarization. However, when an external electric field is applied, the positive and negative charges within the dielectric material experience forces in opposite directions. This causes the molecules to rotate and align themselves with the field. In some materials, even if the molecules are non-polar, electron cloud displacement occurs, creating induced dipoles.

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