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Mother to child transmission of HIV, also known as vertical transmission, refers to the passage of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus from an HIV-positive mother to her child during pregnancy, labor, delivery, or breastfeeding. It is one of the major public health concerns in the global fight against HIV/AIDS because it directly affects infants and young children who are otherwise not exposed to typical risk behaviors associated with HIV transmission. Despite significant advances in medical science and public health interventions, several issues continue to affect the prevention and management of mother to child transmission of HIV. One of the major issues related to mother to child transmission is the lack of early detection of HIV infection in pregnant women. Many women are unaware of their HIV status before or during pregnancy. In several developing countries, access to routine antenatal HIV testing remains limited due to poor healthcare infrastructure, lack of awareness, and social stigma. When HIV infection is not detected early, appropriate preventive measures such as antiretroviral therapy cannot be initiated in time. As a result, the risk of transmission from mother to child increases significantly. Another important issue is inadequate access to antenatal care services. Regular antenatal check-ups play a crucial role in monitoring the health of both the mother and the fetus. They also provide opportunities for HIV counseling, testing, and treatment. However, in many regions, especially rural and economically disadvantaged areas, pregnant women may not receive proper antenatal care. Poverty, distance from healthcare facilities, lack ______ _________ ____ _______ ________ _______ ________ _____ ______ _______ _______ ______.
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