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Universal precautions refer to a set of standardized infection control practices designed to prevent transmission of blood-borne pathogens such as HIV in healthcare and community settings. The concept emerged from the understanding that it is often impossible to know who may be infected with HIV, therefore all blood and certain body fluids must be treated as potentially infectious. By consistently applying these precautions, the risk of transmission of HIV and other infections such as hepatitis B and hepatitis C can be greatly reduced. Universal precautions are particularly important in hospitals, clinics, laboratories, dental practices, and during emergency care, but their principles are also relevant in community health settings. One of the most fundamental universal precautions is proper hand hygiene. Hands are the most common vehicle for the transmission of microorganisms. Health workers must wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water before and after contact with patients, after handling blood or body fluids, and after removing gloves. Handwashing should involve rubbing all parts of the hands, including between the fingers and under the nails, for at least twenty seconds. In situations where soap __________ ______ __________ _________ __________ ________ ______ ____ __________ _______ ____ ________.
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