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The ‘effects’ doctrine is a principle of jurisdiction in international law which allows a State to exercise jurisdiction over acts committed outside its territorial boundaries if those acts produce substantial effects within its territory. Traditionally, criminal jurisdiction was based on territoriality, meaning a State could prosecute offences committed within its borders. However, with the growth of cross-border activities, particularly in cyberspace, rigid territorial limits proved inadequate. The effects doctrine therefore emerged to address situations where harmful consequences are felt within a State, even though the conduct originated elsewhere. In the context of computer ___ _________ ____ _____ _______ __________ ___ _________ ________ _________ __________ __________.
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