Explain the direct and indirect effects of climate change on agriculture.

Agricultural productivity is sensitive to two broad classes of climate-induced effects (1) direct effects from changes in temperature, precipitation
or carbon dioxide concentrations, and (2) indirect effects through changes in soil moisture and the distribution and frequency of infestation by pests and diseases. Rice and wheat yields could decline considerably with climatic changes (IPCC 1996;  2001). However, the vulnerability of agricultural production to climate change depends not only on the physiological response of the affected plant, but also on the ability of the affected socio-economic systems of production to cope with changes in yield, as well as with changes in the frequency of droughts or floods. The adaptability of farmers in India is severely restricted by the heavy reliance on natural factors and the lack of complementary inputs and institutional support systems. The loss in net revenue at the farm level is estimated to range between ______ ________ __________ ______ ________ _____.
______ _________ ______ __________ ____.
______ ____ _____ _____ ____ __________ _____.
_____ ____ ________ ______ ___ _______ ____.
_____ ___ _________ _____ ________ __________ __________ _____ _________.
_____ ____ _________ ___ ____ __________ _________.
_________ ________ ____ ____ _______ _____ ____ _______ _____ _____.
____ ____ ____ _________ _______ ____ ___ _______ ______.
____ ________ ___ _____ __________.
_____ __________ ______ ________ ___ _______ _____.
___ ________ ________ ___ ______ _______.
______ _________ __________ _________ _______ _________ ________ ___ _________ _________ _________ _______.
____ ________ ____ ______ __________ __________ _________.
_______ ____ _____ ____ ______ _________ ___.
_____ ________ _________ _________ ___ _________ _____ ______ __________ __________ ______ _______.
_______ _____ ___ ______ ______ _______ ____.
____ _____ ___ ________ ______ ______ _______.
_____ _______ __________ ______ _____ ________.
_________ _____ ________ ____ ________ ___ _______ ____ ____ _____.
________ _______ ______ __________ _____ ____ ___ __________.
_________ ___ _________ _________ ________ ___.
______ ____ ______ ________ _____ __________ ________ ______ ________ ______ _________.
_________ _____ _______ _________ _____ ______ ___ _________.
_____ _____ ___ _________ __________ _________ ___ ____ __________ ______.
_________ ____ __________ _______ ________ ________ ___ _____ ___ _______ __________ ________.
_____ _________ ____ __________ ______ ________ ___ _________ ____.
______ _______ ______ ___ _________ _______ ___ ______ ____.
______ ___ _______ __________ ___ _______ _______ _____ __________.
______ ______ ________ __________ _____ _______ _______ ____ ____ _____.
_______ ________ ________ ____ _____ ____ _________.
___ _________ _____ ________ ____ ____.
______ _____ __________ _________ _________ ______ ___ _______.
________ _______ ________ ________ ______ ______ ___.
_____ __________ ________ __________ _____ _____ ____.
__________ __________ ____ ______ ______ _________ ____ ____ ___ _________.
__________ _____ _________ _______ ___ ____ _____ ______.
___ ____ _______ ____ ____ ________.
_________ ___ _____ ____ _________ _______ _____ ________ ____.
________ ___ ___ ________ _______ ________ _____ ______ _________ _______.
________ _______ _____ _____ ________ _____ _______ ________ ____.
______ ________ ______ ____ _______ ______ __________ _______ ___ _______ ___ ___.
_____ ________ ______ _______ _________ _____.
_________ __________ _________ ________ _________ ________ ___ _________ _________ ______.
_________ ________ ___ ________ _____ ___ ____ _______ ______ ______ ______.
______ ________ ______ _________ _____ ________ ______.
______ ______ ____ ___ ______ _________ ____ ____.
_______ _____ __________ ________ ______ ____ _________ ____ _____.
__________ ____ ___ ____ ____ _________ ______ __________ ______ _____ ________ _____.
_______ ________ _________ _____ ____ ____ __________ ____.
______ ____ ______ ______ _________ _________.
______ ________ _________ __________ _____ ___ _________ _________.
____ _______ _______ _______ _________ __________ __________ ________ ________ ________ _______.
_______ _______ ________ __________ _______ ___ ___ _________ _________.
Get Full Answer on WhatsApp