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In the study of problem solving and programming, especially in the C language, function calls play an important role in the execution of tasks and in the management of variables. When a function is invoked, arguments can be passed from the calling function to the called function in different ways. The two common methods in C are call-by-value and call-by-reference. Both methods achieve communication between functions, but they differ in how they handle variables and memory. Understanding these differences is crucial for programmers to decide which approach should be used in different situations. In call-by-value, when a function is called, a copy of the actual argument is passed to the function. This means the called function works on the duplicate value and not on the original variable. Any modification made inside the function does not affect the actual variable outside the function. Hence, changes remain local to the function. On the other hand, in call-by-reference, instead of passing a copy, the address of the variable is passed to the function. This allows the called function to directly access and manipulate the actual memory location of the variable. Therefore, any modification done inside the function will reflect outside the function as well, since both the caller and callee are working with the same memory location. To understand the difference clearly, let us consider the example of swapping two numbers. Swapping is a classic example where the difference between the two approaches can be observed practically. First, consider _____ ___ ________ _______ __________ __________ __________ ________ _______ ______ ______ __________.
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