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Modernity is a complex concept that refers to the historical period marked by the rise of capitalism, industrialization, secularization, rationalism, and democratic ideals, largely emerging from the Enlightenment period in Europe. It brought about a profound transformation in the social, political, and economic structures of society. In the context of women and the political process, modernity is seen as both enabling and limiting. While modernity introduced ideas of equality, freedom, and citizenship, it also institutionalized gender hierarchies by reinforcing public-private dichotomies. Men were associated with the public sphere of politics, economics, and decision-making, whereas women were relegated to the private sphere of home, family, and reproduction. The concept of the political in this context is not limited to participation in formal political institutions like voting or contesting elections. It also includes the broader discourse of power, rights, identity, and citizenship. Political theorist Chantal Mouffe argued that the political is a space of contestation and antagonism, where diverse identities and interests negotiate power. For feminist theory, particularly liberal feminism, the struggle has been about redefining the political to include women's experiences, needs, and contributions, challenging the traditional exclusion of women from this domain. Liberal feminism, which gained prominence during the first wave of feminism in the 19th and early 20th centuries, focuses on achieving gender equality through legal and political reforms. It emphasizes individual rights, ______ __________ ________ _____ ______ ___.
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