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Caste, community, and violence against women are deeply interlinked in the Indian socio-political context, influencing the nature, prevalence, and response to gender-based violence. The intersection of these factors creates a layered structure of discrimination in which women are not only targeted for their gender but also for their caste or community identity. Violence against women in such contexts is often a tool for maintaining social hierarchies, controlling women’s autonomy, and reinforcing the authority of dominant groups. Caste as a hierarchical system in India has historically been associated with strict social stratification, particularly affecting Dalit, Adivasi, and other marginalised women. Patriarchal norms operate within this system to control women’s sexuality, mobility, and labour, while caste endogamy and notions of purity and pollution reinforce rigid boundaries. When women transgress these boundaries, such as by marrying outside their caste or challenging social norms, violence is often used as a punitive measure. For example, Dalit women are disproportionately subjected to sexual violence by upper-caste men in rural areas. The 2006 Khairlanji massacre in Maharashtra, where a Dalit woman, Surekha Bhotmange, and her family were brutally murdered after challenging caste-based oppression, highlights how caste-based violence and gender violence converge. The sexual assault of Dalit women in such cases is not merely a crime of sexual nature but a symbolic assertion of dominance over their community. Community identity, which can include religious, ethnic, or linguistic belonging, also shapes the forms and contexts of violence against women. In ____ _________ _______ _____ __________ _____ ________ ______ _______ ________ ________ ________.
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