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The layout of an orchard is a systematic and carefully planned process that ensures optimum utilization of land, proper growth of fruit trees, ease of management, and higher productivity. The complete chain of activities begins with site selection. The selected site should have suitable soil depth, good drainage, adequate fertility, and access to irrigation water. Soil testing is essential to determine pH, nutrient status, salinity, and presence of any toxic elements. Climatic suitability for the selected fruit crop, including temperature range, rainfall, frost occurrence, and wind direction, must also be assessed before proceeding further. After site selection, land clearing is undertaken. Unwanted trees, bushes, stones, and debris are removed. The land is then leveled properly to facilitate irrigation and prevent water stagnation. In sloping lands, contouring or terracing may be done to minimize soil erosion. Proper drainage channels are planned to remove excess rainwater. Soil improvement measures such as addition of organic manure, green manuring, liming in _________ _____ _______ _____ _________ _____ ____ __________.
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