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Extreme weather events are unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather phenomena that deviate significantly from the historical average of a region. They are often influenced by natural climate variability, but the increasing intensity and frequency of such events are closely linked to human-induced climate change. Extreme weather events can be broadly classified into heatwaves, cold waves, droughts, floods, cyclones, storms, and wildfires. Each of these events has unique characteristics and impacts on the environment, human life, and socio-economic systems. Heatwaves are prolonged periods of excessively hot weather, which may be accompanied by high humidity. The primary characteristic of a heatwave is a significant increase in maximum daily temperatures that remain above a certain threshold for consecutive days or weeks. These thresholds vary depending on the climatic norms of different regions. For instance, in India, a heatwave is declared when the temperature exceeds 40°C in the plains and 30°C in hilly regions for several days. Heatwaves are often caused by high-pressure systems that trap warm air, reducing cloud cover and increasing solar radiation at the surface. Such conditions can lead to severe health impacts, such as heatstroke, dehydration, and even mortality, particularly among vulnerable populations. Urban areas often experience intensified heatwaves due to the urban heat island effect, where concrete structures absorb and retain heat. Extended heatwaves can also reduce crop yields, strain energy resources due to higher cooling _________ ___ ______ ___ __________ _____ ____ _______.
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