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India has emerged as a pivotal actor in global climate policy formulation and deliberations, balancing its developmental imperatives with the responsibility to contribute to global climate mitigation and adaptation. As one of the fastest-growing economies and the third-largest emitter of greenhouse gases, India’s position in climate negotiations has been shaped by its historical context, economic priorities, and the urgent need to safeguard its vulnerable population and ecosystems from the adverse effects of climate change. Its role is built on the principle of equity and common but differentiated responsibilities, emphasizing that countries’ obligations to reduce emissions should be aligned with their historical contributions and developmental capacities. From the early days of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), India has played an influential role in ensuring that climate agreements respect developmental equity. As a founding member of the Group of 77 and China, India has consistently advocated for the rights of developing nations to pursue economic growth while addressing environmental challenges. During the negotiations of the Kyoto Protocol, India’s efforts helped establish legally binding targets for developed countries while allowing flexibility for emerging economies. By aligning with other developing countries, India strengthened the narrative that industrialized nations should take the lead in emissions reduction and provide financial and technological support to poorer nations. In the lead-up to the Paris Agreement of 2015, India was instrumental in shaping its architecture, emphasizing nationally determined contributions (NDCs) as a fair mechanism to reflect the diverse circumstances of countries. India’s NDCs outlined ambitious goals, including reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33–35% from 2005 levels by ______ _______ _______ ___ _________ ________ _________ __________ ______ ___ _______.
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