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Agricultural development in India before and after independence is a story of transformation shaped by a series of policy decisions, technological innovations, and the challenges faced by farmers. The evolution of agriculture in India can be traced through the colonial period, the post-independence years, and the modern phase that has brought both challenges and triumphs. Before independence, agriculture in India was characterized by a predominantly agrarian economy, with the majority of the population engaged in farming. However, the colonial era, under British rule, left a deep impact on the agricultural landscape. The British focused on extracting resources for export rather than improving domestic agricultural productivity. This resulted in the neglect of traditional agricultural practices, inadequate infrastructure, and the exploitation of Indian farmers. The introduction of cash crops like indigo, cotton, and opium, which were grown for export, reduced the focus on food crops essential for local consumption. This shift exacerbated food insecurity in the country. The British colonial policies, including heavy taxation, land revenue systems like the Zamindari system, and the forced commercialization of agriculture, led to widespread impoverishment of farmers. The Zamindari system, which empowered ______ ______ ______ _________ ___ ________ _______ ___ ______ _______ ______.
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