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Pain management in critical care requires a systematic pharmacological approach aimed at relieving pain, reducing physiological stress, promoting comfort, and facilitating diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. The choice of analgesic depends on the intensity and type of pain, the patient’s clinical condition, organ function, level of consciousness, and potential adverse effects. In critically ill patients, analgesics should be administered according to regular assessment and individualized treatment goals. Opioids are the principal pharmacological agents used for moderate to severe acute pain in critically ill patients. Commonly used opioids include morphine, fentanyl, hydromorphone, and remifentanil. Morphine is effective for severe pain but may cause respiratory depression, hypotension, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and accumulation of active metabolites in renal impairment. Fentanyl has a rapid onset and ______ ___ __________ ____ _______ _______ _______ ___ ___ __________.
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