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Reduction of benzene using sodium in liquid ammonia is known as the Birch reduction. This reaction partially reduces aromatic rings to form 1,4-cyclohexadiene derivatives. The reaction involves benzene, sodium metal, and liquid ammonia in the presence of an alcohol such as ethanol or tert-butanol as a proton source. The mechanism proceeds through a _____ ___ ______ ________ ________ ___ ______ _____ _____ _________ ______.
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