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Horizontal gene transfer in bacteria refers to the movement of genetic material between organisms other than by vertical inheritance from parent to offspring. One major method is transformation, in which bacteria take up free or naked DNA fragments from their surrounding environment. These DNA fragments are usually released from dead or lysed bacterial cells. Competent bacteria can bind this external DNA, transport it into the ______ ___ ________ _________ ______ ___ _________ ___ ___ ____ __________ _______.
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