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Algal cells exhibit diverse structural features that reflect their adaptation to aquatic environments and their photosynthetic lifestyle. The cell wall and chloroplast are two essential components that contribute significantly to the survival, protection, and metabolic activity of algae. The cell wall in algae is generally rigid and lies external to the plasma membrane, providing structural support, protection against mechanical damage, and maintenance of cell shape. The composition of algal cell walls varies greatly among different groups, which is an important taxonomic characteristic. In many green algae, the cell wall is primarily composed of cellulose embedded in a matrix of hemicellulose and pectic substances, resembling that of higher plants. Brown algae possess cell walls rich in alginates and ______ ___ _________ _____ ____ __________ ________ ___ ___ ____ ______.
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