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Trait Theory of Leadership Trait theory is one of the earliest approaches to understanding leadership. It posits that certain individuals possess innate qualities that make them effective leaders. These traits include intelligence, self-confidence, determination, integrity, and sociability. The theory assumes that these characteristics are stable over time and across different contexts, and that leaders are “born, not made.” From a gender perspective, trait theory has historically reinforced stereotypical ideas about who can be a leader. Traditionally masculine traits such as assertiveness, decisiveness, and emotional stability have often been overemphasized in leadership assessments. As a result, women and gender-diverse individuals have frequently been perceived as less naturally equipped for leadership, even when they exhibit these traits. In organizational settings, the reliance on trait-based leadership selection can lead to gender bias in recruitment and promotion. For instance, when leadership potential is assessed primarily through visible confidence or assertiveness, women who adopt a more collaborative or empathetic leadership style may be overlooked. Furthermore, societal norms often discourage women from displaying dominant traits for fear of backlash, leading to the double-bind where ______ ______ ________ _____ ___ __________ _____ ___ ______.
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