Explain any one method of the query cost computation for SELECT and JOIN operations. Make the query tree for the following query (assume the database of problem 2(c).
SELECT s.name, p.pogID, c.courseName
FROM Student s, Programme p, Course c, Course_Programme cp
WHERE s.stProg = p.progID AND p.progID = cp.progID AND
c.courseCode=cp.courseCode AND progID=”MCA”;

To understand query cost computation, it's essential to grasp the concept of a query execution plan, which is a step-by-step strategy for executing a SQL query. The cost of a query is typically estimated based on the number of disk operations required to execute the query, such as reading data from disk or writing data to disk.

One common method for query cost computation is the Cost-Based Optimization (CBO) method, which considers various factors like statistics on the data, available indexes, and the query execution plan to estimate the cost of different execution strategies. The goal of CBO is to choose the execution plan with the lowest estimated cost.

Here's a general overview of the steps involved in CBO:

1. Parsing and Validation: The SQL query is parsed and validated for syntax errors and semantic ____ ______ ______ ____ ______ ____ ____ ________ _____ _________ _________.
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