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Aquatic ecosystems, comprising freshwater and marine environments, play a vital role in sustaining global biodiversity, regulating climate, and supporting human livelihoods through the provision of food, water, and recreation. Despite their significance, these ecosystems face threats such as pollution, overexploitation, habitat destruction, and climate change. In response, several international initiatives have been launched to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of aquatic ecosystems. Among these, two particularly impactful initiatives are the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14): Life Below Water. Both initiatives aim to protect aquatic habitats, species, and ecosystem services through international cooperation, policy development, and on-the-ground conservation action. The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands, signed in Ramsar, Iran, in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands. Though the term "wetlands" broadly includes marshes, swamps, peatlands, and even some shallow marine systems, it is deeply connected to aquatic ecosystems due to its focus on water-dominated habitats. The convention recognizes the ecological, hydrological, and economic importance of wetlands and aims to halt their degradation. One of the most defining aspects of the Ramsar Convention is the designation of “Ramsar Sites,” which are wetlands of international importance. ____ _____ __________ _________ ______ ___ ____ _______ __________.
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