Identify the measures for research and capacity building initiated by government for achieving sustainable use of freshwater and marine aquatic ecosystems in India.

The Government of India has undertaken several measures to promote research and capacity building for the sustainable use of freshwater and marine aquatic ecosystems. These initiatives aim to address ecological degradation, enhance conservation efforts, and ensure the sustainable use of aquatic resources while balancing socio-economic development. Below are the key measures implemented by the Indian government:

### 1. Policy Framework and Legislative Measures  
To ensure the sustainability of aquatic ecosystems, the Indian government has formulated various policies, acts, and guidelines:

#### a. National Water Policy (2012)  
- Promotes integrated water resource management to ensure ecological sustainability.  
- Advocates for participatory water management and conservation practices.  
- Encourages scientific research for sustainable freshwater resource utilization.  

#### b. Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification (2011, 2019)  
- Regulates developmental activities along the coastal areas to protect marine ecosystems.  
- Promotes conservation of mangroves, coral reefs, and marine biodiversity.  
- Supports research initiatives to understand the impact of climate change on coastal and marine biodiversity.  

#### c. National Fisheries Policy (2020)  
- Focuses on responsible and sustainable fisheries management.  
- Encourages research on fish stock assessment and ecosystem-based fisheries management.  
- Promotes community-based capacity-building programs for sustainable fisheries.  

#### d. Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2017  
- Provides a legal framework for the conservation of wetlands.  
- Supports research initiatives to assess the ecological status of wetlands.  
- Encourages community participation in wetland conservation.  

### 2. Research Initiatives and Funding for Aquatic Ecosystem Conservation  
The Indian government has launched various research initiatives to enhance the scientific understanding of freshwater and marine ecosystems:

#### a. National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)  
- Established under the National Ganga River Basin Authority to restore the Ganga River ecosystem.  
- Supports scientific research on pollution control, biodiversity conservation, and sustainable river basin management.  
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