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Monitoring and evaluation (M&E) are essential components of Reconstruction, Rehabilitation, and Recovery (RRR) after disasters. They provide a systematic process for assessing whether recovery interventions are being implemented efficiently, achieving intended objectives, and contributing to long-term resilience. While monitoring is a continuous process of collecting and analyzing information during project implementation, evaluation is a periodic assessment of the relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, impact, and sustainability of recovery programmes. Together, they ensure that recovery efforts remain accountable, transparent, and responsive to the evolving needs of affected communities. Monitoring enables authorities and implementing agencies to track progress against predefined targets and indicators. It helps identify delays, budget overruns, quality issues, and operational bottlenecks in reconstruction projects such as housing, schools, hospitals, roads, water supply systems, and communication networks. By providing regular updates, monitoring supports timely corrective actions and prevents minor problems from developing into major failures. Evaluation examines whether rehabilitation and reconstruction activities have achieved their intended outcomes. It assesses whether displaced families have regained livelihoods, whether rebuilt infrastructure is safer and more resilient, and whether vulnerable groups have benefited equitably from recovery programmes. It also measures the social, economic, environmental, and institutional impacts of recovery interventions over time. One __________ ________ ____ ___ _______ _______.
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