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The concept of “indigenous people” in the Indian context is complex, nuanced, and significantly different from its usage in international discourse. Globally, “indigenous peoples” often refers to communities who are original inhabitants of a region and who maintain distinct cultural practices, languages, and traditional knowledge systems, often marginalized by colonizing populations. In India, however, the application of this term is contested due to the subcontinent’s long and intricate history of migrations, cultural assimilations, and population movements. India is home to a large population of communities that may be considered indigenous based on global standards. These are commonly referred to as “Scheduled Tribes” (STs) in official parlance. The Constitution of India does not use the term "indigenous" but rather lists certain communities under the category of Scheduled Tribes based on their social, economic, and political marginalization. According to the 2011 Census, STs comprise about 8.6% of the total population of India, and they are spread across various states and union territories, especially concentrated in central, eastern, and northeastern India. The identification of STs in India is based on five broad criteria: primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large, and backwardness. These criteria, while critiqued for being outdated and vague, continue to influence the official recognition and support mechanisms for tribal groups. However, the term “primitive” __________ ___ ____ _____ ____ __________ ___.
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