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India is home to a significant tribal population, officially recognized as Scheduled Tribes (STs) in the Constitution. As per the 2011 Census, Scheduled Tribes constitute about 8.6% of the total population of India. These communities, spread across different states and Union Territories, have historically faced social, economic, and political exclusion. Tribal welfare measures in India aim to address these issues through a combination of constitutional safeguards, legal protections, policy initiatives, and development programs. These efforts are focused on ensuring equity, preservation of tribal identity, and enabling their full participation in the national development process. The Constitution of India has laid down a strong foundation for tribal welfare. The Fifth and Sixth Schedules of the Constitution provide for the administration and governance of tribal areas in various states. The Fifth Schedule pertains to the administration and control of Scheduled Areas and Scheduled Tribes in states other than the northeastern ones. The Sixth Schedule pertains to tribal areas in the northeastern states like Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram, allowing for the creation of Autonomous District Councils with legislative and judicial powers. Additionally, the Constitution provides for the reservation of seats for Scheduled Tribes in legislatures, educational institutions, and government jobs to promote inclusion and equality. The Ministry of Tribal Affairs (MoTA), established in 1999, is the nodal agency for policy planning, coordination, and implementation of various programs for tribal development. This ministry has undertaken several schemes and policies to uplift the tribal population. Some of the prominent centrally sponsored and central sector schemes include: 1. Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP): Introduced during the Fifth Five-Year Plan, the TSP strategy was designed to ensure flow of funds and benefits from the general sectors of development for the welfare of STs. Under this strategy, a certain percentage of the total plan ________ _______ _________ ___ ______ _________ ______ __________ ________ ___ ______.
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